Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions

Research articles

Reliability and construct validation of the Blended Learning Usability Evaluation–Questionnaire with interprofessional clinicians in Canada: a methodological study: Anish Kumar Arora, Jeff Myers, Tavis Apramian, Kulamakan Kulasegaram, Daryl Bainbridge, Hsien Seow; J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2025;22:5. Published online January 16, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2025.22.5

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Purpose
To generate Cronbach’s alpha and further mixed methods construct validity evidence for the Blended Learning Usability Evaluation–Questionnaire (BLUE-Q).
Methods
Forty interprofessional clinicians completed the BLUE-Q after finishing a 3-month long blended learning professional development program in Ontario, Canada. Reliability was assessed with Cronbach’s α for each of the 3 sections of the BLUE-Q and for all quantitative items together. Construct validity was evaluated through the Grand-Guillaume-Perrenoud et al. framework, which consists of 3 elements: congruence, convergence, and credibility. To compare quantitative and qualitative results, descriptive statistics, including means and standard deviations for each Likert scale item of the BLUE-Q were calculated.
Results
Cronbach’s α was 0.95 for the pedagogical usability section, 0.85 for the synchronous modality section, 0.93 for the asynchronous modality section, and 0.96 for all quantitative items together. Mean ratings (with standard deviations) were 4.77 (0.506) for pedagogy, 4.64 (0.654) for synchronous learning, and 4.75 (0.536) for asynchronous learning. Of the 239 qualitative comments received, 178 were identified as substantive, of which 88% were considered congruent and 79% were considered convergent with the high means. Among all congruent responses, 69% were considered confirming statements and 31% were considered clarifying statements, suggesting appropriate credibility. Analysis of the clarifying statements assisted in identifying 5 categories of suggestions for program improvement.
Conclusion
The BLUE-Q demonstrates high reliability and appropriate construct validity in the context of a blended learning program with interprofessional clinicians, making it a valuable tool for comprehensive program evaluation, quality improvement, and evaluative research in health professions education.

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Multi-methods development and validation of a tool for use in measuring serious illness communication competence: Assessment of clinical encounters – Communication tool (ACE-CT)
Anish K. Arora, Hsien Seow, Daryl Bainbridge, Kulamakan Kulasegaram, Tavis Apramian, Nadia Incardona, Leah Steinberg, Justin Sanders, Zhimeng Jia, Oren Levine, Jessica Simon, Karen Zhang, Zelda Freitas, Clare Fuller, Amanda Lee Roze des Ordons, Jill Dombr
Patient Education and Counseling.2026; 144: 109465. CrossRef
Utilizing cognitive interview in the item refinement of the Blended Teaching Assessment Tool (BTAT) for Health Professions Education
Maria Teresita B. Dalusong, Glenda Sanggalang Ogerio, Valentin C. Dones, Maria Elizabeth M. Grageda
Philippine Journal of Health Research and Development.2025; 29(2): 54. CrossRef
All providers Better Communication Skills (ABCs) program: protocol for a randomized controlled trial assessing communication training effectiveness with interprofessional clinicians
Hsien Seow, Anish K. Arora, Daryl Bainbridge, Zhimeng Jia, Leah Steinberg, Nadia Incardona, Oren Levine, Justin J. Sanders, Jessica Simon, Amanda Roze des Ordons, Karen Zhang, Jeff Myers
BMC Palliative Care.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Performance of the Ebel standard-setting method for the spring 2019 Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada internal medicine certification examination consisting of multiple-choice questions: Jimmy Bourque, Haley Skinner, Jonathan Dupré, Maria Bacchus, Martha Ainslie, Irene W. Y. Ma, Gary Cole; J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2020;17:12. Published online April 20, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2020.17.12

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Purpose
This study aimed to assess the performance of the Ebel standard-setting method for the spring 2019 Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada internal medicine certification examination consisting of multiple-choice questions. Specifically, the following parameters were evaluated: inter-rater agreement, the correlations between Ebel scores and item facility indices, the impact of raters’ knowledge of correct answers on the Ebel score, and the effects of raters’ specialty on inter-rater agreement and Ebel scores.
Methods
Data were drawn from a Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada certification exam. The Ebel method was applied to 203 multiple-choice questions by 49 raters. Facility indices came from 194 candidates. We computed the Fleiss kappa and the Pearson correlations between Ebel scores and item facility indices. We investigated differences in the Ebel score according to whether correct answers were provided or not and differences between internists and other specialists using the t-test.
Results
The Fleiss kappa was below 0.15 for both facility and relevance. The correlation between Ebel scores and facility indices was low when correct answers were provided and negligible when they were not. The Ebel score was the same whether the correct answers were provided or not. Inter-rater agreement and Ebel scores were not significantly different between internists and other specialists.
Conclusion
Inter-rater agreement and correlations between item Ebel scores and facility indices were consistently low; furthermore, raters’ knowledge of the correct answers and raters’ specialty had no effect on Ebel scores in the present setting.

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Optimizing Radiology Resident Competency in Pediatric Musculoskeletal Radiograph Interpretation
Kathy Boutis, Carl Starvaggi, Andrea S. Doria, Maryse Bouchard, Mark Camp, Jana Taylor, Cameron J. Hauge, Olivia Carter, Jennifer Stimec
Academic Radiology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Refining competency benchmarks: a scoping review of Angoff standard-setting in dental education
Galvin Sim Siang Lin, Abdul Rauf Badrul Hisham, Muhammad Nazmi Abdul Majid, Chan Choong Foong, Ting Khee Ho, Lara T. Friedlander
BMC Oral Health.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Sustained Improvement in Medical Students' Academic Performance in Renal Physiology Through the Application of Flipped Classroom
Thana Thongsricome, Rahat Longsomboon, Nattacha Srithawatpong, Sarunyapong Atchariyapakorn, Kasiphak Kaikaew, Danai Wangsaturaka
The Clinical Teacher.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Investigating assessment standards and fixed passing marks in dental undergraduate finals: a mixed-methods approach
Ting Khee Ho, Lucy O’Malley, Reza Vahid Roudsari
BMC Medical Education.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Standard setting for dental knowledge tests: reproducibility of the modified Angoff and Ebel method across judges
Ting Khee Ho, Noor Lide Abu Kassim, Lucy O’Malley, Reza Vahid Roudsari
BMC Medical Education.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Competency Standard Derivation for Point-of-Care Ultrasound Image Interpretation for Emergency Physicians
Maya Harel-Sterling, Charisse Kwan, Jonathan Pirie, Mark Tessaro, Dennis D. Cho, Ailish Coblentz, Mohamad Halabi, Eyal Cohen, Lynne E. Nield, Martin Pusic, Kathy Boutis
Annals of Emergency Medicine.2023; 81(4): 413. CrossRef
The effects of a land-based home exercise program on surfing performance in recreational surfers
Jerry-Thomas Monaco, Richard Boergers, Thomas Cappaert, Michael Miller, Jennifer Nelson, Meghan Schoenberger
Journal of Sports Sciences.2023; 41(4): 358. CrossRef
Medical specialty certification exams studied according to the Ottawa Quality Criteria: a systematic review
Daniel Staudenmann, Noemi Waldner, Andrea Lörwald, Sören Huwendiek
BMC Medical Education.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
A Target Population Derived Method for Developing a Competency Standard in Radiograph Interpretation
Michelle S. Lee, Martin V. Pusic, Mark Camp, Jennifer Stimec, Andrew Dixon, Benoit Carrière, Joshua E. Herman, Kathy Boutis
Teaching and Learning in Medicine.2022; 34(2): 167. CrossRef
Pediatric Musculoskeletal Radiographs: Anatomy and Fractures Prone to Diagnostic Error Among Emergency Physicians
Winny Li, Jennifer Stimec, Mark Camp, Martin Pusic, Joshua Herman, Kathy Boutis
The Journal of Emergency Medicine.2022; 62(4): 524. CrossRef
Possibility of independent use of the yes/no Angoff and Hofstee methods for the standard setting of the Korean Medical Licensing Examination written test: a descriptive study
Do-Hwan Kim, Ye Ji Kang, Hoon-Ki Park
Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions.2022; 19: 33. CrossRef
Image interpretation: Learning analytics–informed education opportunities
Elana Thau, Manuela Perez, Martin V. Pusic, Martin Pecaric, David Rizzuti, Kathy Boutis
AEM Education and Training.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

Brief Report

Potential of feedback during objective structured clinical examination to evoke an emotional response in medical students in Canada: Dalia Limor Karol, Debra Pugh; J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2020;17:5. Published online February 18, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2020.17.5

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Feedback has been shown to be an important driver for learning. However, many factors, such as the emotional reactions feedback evokes, may impact its effect. This study aimed to explore medical students’ perspectives on the verbal feedback they receive during an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE); their emotional reaction to this; and its impact on their subsequent performance. To do this, medical students enrolled at 4 Canadian medical schools were invited to complete a web-based survey regarding their experiences. One hundred and fifty-eight participants completed the survey. Twenty-nine percent of respondents asserted that they had experienced emotional reactions to verbal feedback received in an OSCE setting. The most common emotional responses reported were embarrassment and anxiousness. Some students (n=20) reported that the feedback they received negatively impacted subsequent OSCE performance. This study demonstrates that feedback provided during an OSCE can evoke an emotional response in students and potentially impact subsequent performance.

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Helping students bridge their cognitive competence gap: Effectiveness of a faculty development workshop on ‘giving feedback’. A mixed methods study
JYOTSNA AGARWAL, VIKRAMJEET SINGH, MANISH KUMAR SINGH, THOMAS V. CHACKO
The National Medical Journal of India.2026; 39: 108. CrossRef
Faculty Perceptions of Feedback in Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs)
Zainab Abdullah, Lubna Kashif, Marina Khan, Syeda Sanaa Fatima, Asya Tauqir, Saima Manzoor
Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences.2026; : 118. CrossRef
Memory, credibility and insight: How video-based feedback promotes deeper reflection and learning in objective structured clinical exams
Alexandra Makrides, Peter Yeates
Medical Teacher.2022; 44(6): 664. CrossRef
Objective structured clinical examination in fundamentals of nursing and obstetric care as method of verification and assessing the degree of achievement of learning outcomes
Lucyna Sochocka, Teresa Niechwiadowicz-Czapka, Mariola Wojtal, Monika Przestrzelska, Iwona Kiersnowska, Katarzyna Szwamel
Pielegniarstwo XXI wieku / Nursing in the 21st Century.2021; 20(3): 190. CrossRef

Brief reports

No observed effect of a student-led mock objective structured clinical examination on subsequent performance scores in medical students in Canada: Lorenzo Madrazo, Claire Bo Lee, Meghan McConnell, Karima Khamisa, Debra Pugh; J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2019;16:14. Published online May 27, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2019.16.14

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Student-led peer-assisted mock objective structured clinical examinations (MOSCEs) have been used in various settings to help students prepare for subsequent higher-stakes, faculty-run OSCEs. MOSCE participants generally valued feedback from peers and reported benefits to learning. Our study investigated whether participation in a peer-assisted MOSCE affected subsequent OSCE performance. To determine whether mean OSCE scores differed depending on whether medical students participated in the MOSCE, we conducted a between-subjects analysis of variance, with cohort (2016 vs. 2017) and MOSCE participation (MOSCE vs. no MOSCE) as independent variables and the mean OSCE score as the dependent variable. Participation in the MOSCE had no influence on mean OSCE scores (P=0.19). There was a significant correlation between mean MOSCE scores and mean OSCE scores (Pearson r=0.52, P<0.001). Although previous studies described self-reported benefits from participation in student-led MOSCEs, it was not associated with objective benefits in this study.

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Empowering medical students: Peer-Led OSCE reduces anxiety and may enhance test performance
Leonardo Mateus de Lima, Maria Helena Favarato, Iolanda Fátima Lopes Calvo Tibério, Lorenzo Faggioni
PLOS One.2026; 21(2): e0340407. CrossRef
Impact of familiarity with the format of the exam on performance in the OSCE of undergraduate medical students – an interventional study
Hannes Neuwirt, Iris E. Eder, Philipp Gauckler, Lena Horvath, Stefan Koeck, Maria Noflatscher, Benedikt Schaefer, Anja Simeon, Verena Petzer, Wolfgang M. Prodinger, Christoph Berendonk
BMC Medical Education.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Perceived and actual value of Student‐led Objective Structured Clinical Examinations
Brandon Stretton, Adam Montagu, Aline Kunnel, Jenni Louise, Nathan Behrendt, Joshua Kovoor, Stephen Bacchi, Josephine Thomas, Ellen Davies
The Clinical Teacher.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Improving preparation for pharmacy entry-to-practice OSCE using a participatory action research
Catherine Huneault, Philippe Haeberli, Alexandra Mühle, Philippe Laurent, Jérôme Berger
Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning.2024; 16(11): 102152. CrossRef
Benefits of semiology taught using near-peer tutoring are sustainable
Benjamin Gripay, Thomas André, Marie De Laval, Brice Peneau, Alexandre Secourgeon, Nicolas Lerolle, Cédric Annweiler, Grégoire Justeau, Laurent Connan, Ludovic Martin, Loïc Bière
BMC Medical Education.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification des facteurs associés à la réussite aux examens cliniques objectifs et structurés dans la faculté de médecine de Rouen
M. Leclercq, M. Vannier, Y. Benhamou, A. Liard, V. Gilard, I. Auquit-Auckbur, H. Levesque, L. Sibert, P. Schneider
La Revue de Médecine Interne.2022; 43(5): 278. CrossRef
Evaluation of the Experience of Peer-led Mock Objective Structured Practical Examination for First- and Second-year Medical Students
Faisal Alsaif, Lamia Alkuwaiz, Mohammed Alhumud, Reem Idris, Lina Neel, Mansour Aljabry, Mona Soliman
Advances in Medical Education and Practice.2022; Volume 13: 987. CrossRef
The use of a formative OSCE to prepare emergency medicine residents for summative OSCEs: a mixed-methods cohort study
Magdalene Hui Min Lee, Dong Haur Phua, Kenneth Wei Jian Heng
International Journal of Emergency Medicine.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Tutor–Student Partnership in Practice OSCE to Enhance Medical Education
Eve Cosker, Valentin Favier, Patrice Gallet, Francis Raphael, Emmanuelle Moussier, Louise Tyvaert, Marc Braun, Eva Feigerlova
Medical Science Educator.2021; 31(6): 1803. CrossRef
Peers as OSCE assessors for junior medical students – a review of routine use: a mixed methods study
Simon Schwill, Johanna Fahrbach-Veeser, Andreas Moeltner, Christiane Eicher, Sonia Kurczyk, David Pfisterer, Joachim Szecsenyi, Svetla Loukanova
BMC Medical Education.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

MEDTalks: a student-driven program to enhance undergraduate student understanding and interest in medical schools in Canada: Jayson Azzi, Dalia Karol, Tayler Bailey, Christopher Jerome Ramnanan; J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2019;16:13. Published online May 22, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2019.16.13

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Given the lack of programs geared towards educating undergraduate students about medical school, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a medical student–driven initiative program, MEDTalks, enhanced undergraduate students’ understanding of medical school in Canada and stimulated their interest in pursuing medicine. The MEDTalks program, which ran between January and April 2018 at the University of Ottawa, consisted of 5 teaching sessions, each including large-group lectures, small-group case-based learning, physical skills tutorials, and anatomy lab demonstrations, to mimic the typical medical school curriculum. At the end of the program, undergraduate student learners were invited to complete a feedback questionnaire. Twenty-nine participants provided feedback, of whom 25 reported that MEDTalks allowed them to gain exposure to the University of Ottawa medical program; 27 said that it gave them a greater understanding of the teaching structure; and 25 responded that it increased their interest in attending medical school. The MEDTalks program successfully developed a greater understanding of medical school and helped stimulate interest in pursuing medical studies among undergraduate students.

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Anatomy outreach: A conceptual model of shared purposes and processes
Angelique N. Dueñas, Paul A. Tiffin, Gabrielle M. Finn
Anatomical Sciences Education.2024; 17(7): 1445. CrossRef
Assessing the Impact of Early Undergraduate Exposure to the Medical School Curriculum
Christiana M. Cornea, Gary Beck Dallaghan, Thomas Koonce
Medical Science Educator.2022; 32(1): 103. CrossRef

Technical Reports

Calibrating the Medical Council of Canada’s Qualifying Examination Part I using an integrated item response theory framework: a comparison of models and designs: Andre F. De Champlain, Andre-Philippe Boulais, Andrew Dallas; J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2016;13:6. Published online January 20, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2016.13.6

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Purpose
The aim of this research was to compare different methods of calibrating multiple choice question (MCQ) and clinical decision making (CDM) components for the Medical Council of Canada’s Qualifying Examination Part I (MCCQEI) based on item response theory.
Methods
Our data consisted of test results from 8,213 first time applicants to MCCQEI in spring and fall 2010 and 2011 test administrations. The data set contained several thousand multiple choice items and several hundred CDM cases. Four dichotomous calibrations were run using BILOG-MG 3.0. All 3 mixed item format (dichotomous MCQ responses and polytomous CDM case scores) calibrations were conducted using PARSCALE 4.
Results
The 2-PL model had identical numbers of items with chi-square values at or below a Type I error rate of 0.01 (83/3,499 or 0.02). In all 3 polytomous models, whether the MCQs were either anchored or concurrently run with the CDM cases, results suggest very poor fit. All IRT abilities estimated from dichotomous calibration designs correlated very highly with each other. IRT-based pass-fail rates were extremely similar, not only across calibration designs and methods, but also with regard to the actual reported decision to candidates. The largest difference noted in pass rates was 4.78%, which occurred between the mixed format concurrent 2-PL graded response model (pass rate= 80.43%) and the dichotomous anchored 1-PL calibrations (pass rate= 85.21%).
Conclusion
Simpler calibration designs with dichotomized items should be implemented. The dichotomous calibrations provided better fit of the item response matrix than more complex, polytomous calibrations.

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AI for Assessment in Medical Education in Post LLM Era: A Scoping Review
Puneet Agarwal, Renu Agarwal, Igor Iezhitsa
Medical Science Educator.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Plus ça change, plus c’est pareil: Making a continued case for the use of MCQs in medical education
Debra Pugh, André De Champlain, Claire Touchie
Medical Teacher.2019; 41(5): 569. CrossRef
Identifying the Essential Portions of the Skill Acquisition Process Using Item Response Theory
Saseem Poudel, Yusuke Watanabe, Yo Kurashima, Yoichi M. Ito, Yoshihiro Murakami, Kimitaka Tanaka, Hiroshi Kawase, Toshiaki Shichinohe, Satoshi Hirano
Journal of Surgical Education.2019; 76(4): 1101. CrossRef
FUZZY CLASSIFICATION OF DICHOTOMOUS TEST ITEMS AND SOCIAL INDICATORS DIFFERENTIATION PROPERTY
Aleksandras Krylovas, Natalja Kosareva, Julija Karaliūnaitė
Technological and Economic Development of Economy.2018; 24(4): 1755. CrossRef
Analysis of the suitability of the Korean Federation of Science and Technology Societies journal evaluation tool
Geum‐Hee Jeong, Sun Huh
Learned Publishing.2016; 29(3): 193. CrossRef

Best-fit model of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the 2010 Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination Part I clinical decision-making cases: André F. Champlain; J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2015;12:11. Published online April 15, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2015.12.11

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Purpose
This study aims to assess the fit of a number of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis models to the 2010 Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination Part I (MCCQE1) clinical decision-making (CDM) cases. The outcomes of this study have important implications for a range of domains, including scoring and test development. Methods: The examinees included all first-time Canadian medical graduates and international medical graduates who took the MCCQE1 in spring or fall 2010. The fit of one- to five-factor exploratory models was assessed for the item response matrix of the 2010 CDM cases. Five confirmatory factor analytic models were also examined with the same CDM response matrix. The structural equation modeling software program Mplus was used for all analyses. Results: Out of the five exploratory factor analytic models that were evaluated, a three-factor model provided the best fit. Factor 1 loaded on three medicine cases, two obstetrics and gynecology cases, and two orthopedic surgery cases. Factor 2 corresponded to pediatrics, and the third factor loaded on psychiatry cases. Among the five confirmatory factor analysis models examined in this study, three- and four-factor lifespan period models and the five-factor discipline models provided the best fit. Conclusion: The results suggest that knowledge of broad disciplinary domains best account for performance on CDM cases. In test development, particular effort should be placed on developing CDM cases according to broad discipline and patient age domains; CDM testlets should be assembled largely using the criteria of discipline and age.

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Exploratory Factor Analysis of a Computerized Case-Based F-Type Testlet Variant
Yavuz Selim Kıyak, Işıl İrem Budakoğlu, Dilara Bakan Kalaycıoğlu, Özlem Coşkun
Medical Science Educator.2023; 33(5): 1191. CrossRef
The key-features approach to assess clinical decisions: validity evidence to date
G. Bordage, G. Page
Advances in Health Sciences Education.2018; 23(5): 1005. CrossRef

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