Research in healthcare settings and medical education has relied heavily on quantitative methods. However, there are research questions within these academic domains that may be more adequately addressed by qualitative inquiry. While there are many qualitative approaches, ethnography is one method that allows the researcher to take advantage of relative immersion in order to obtain thick description. The purpose of this article is to introduce ethnography, to describe how ethnographic methods may be utilized, to provide an overview of ethnography's use in healthcare and medical education, and to summarize some key limitations with the method.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Why go back?: Advantages and challenges of longitudinal qualitative research in social pharmacy, and recommendations for social pharmacy researchers Pauline Norris, Molly George, Vanda Symon, Shirley Keown, Lauralie Richard, Sandhaya (Sandy) Bhawan, Rosalina Richards International Journal of Pharmacy Practice.2025; 33(1): 113. CrossRef
Nutritional awareness of pregnant women and the underlying influencing factors Weijie Fang, Obireddy Sreekanth Reddy, Wing-Fu Lai Nutrition Reviews.2024; 82(4): 561. CrossRef
Pragmatic patchwork ethnography, a call to action for health, nutrition and dietetic researchers Marie Swettenham, Simon C. Langley‐Evans Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics.2024; 37(2): 514. CrossRef
'Eco Is Just Marketing' Albin Zeqiri, Pascal Jansen, Jan Ole Rixen, Michael Rietzler, Enrico Rukzio Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies.2024; 8(1): 1. CrossRef
Systemic effects of the COVID pandemic on rural black American men’s interpersonal relationships: A phenomenological examination Michael G. Curtis, Elizabeth Wieling, Chalandra Bryant, Rosalyn Denise Campbell, Steven M. Kogan, Ejercito Mangawa Balay-odao PLOS ONE.2024; 19(4): e0297876. CrossRef
Learning from the Active Hospital-Based Cancer Registry in India: An Ethnography Study Shubharanjan Jena, Venkatarao Epari, Krushna Chandra Sahoo, Smruti Priyambada Pradhan, Sunil Agrawala, Sanjukta Padhi Discover Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Expanding a Behavioral View on Digital Health Access: Drivers and Strategies to Promote Equity Maura M Kepper, Lauren A Fowler, Isabelle S Kusters, Jean W Davis, Manal Baqer, Sara Sagui-Henson, Yunyu Xiao, Adati Tarfa, Jean C Yi, Bryan Gibson, Kristin E Heron, Nicole M Alberts, Marissa Burgermaster, Veronica PS Njie-Carr, Lisa M Klesges Journal of Medical Internet Research.2024; 26: e51355. CrossRef
Not ready in the ways that count– a qualitative exploration of junior doctor’s perceived preparedness for practice using Legitimation Code Theory Stuart Redvers Pattinson, Hans Savelberg, Anique Atherley Advances in Health Sciences Education.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Tea and other diet-related practices in relation to sleep health in midlife women from Mexico City: qualitative and quantitative findings Astrid N. Zamora, Elizabeth F. S. Roberts, Lilian Sharp, Catherine Borra, Jennifer Lee, Martha M. Téllez-Rojo, Karen E. Peterson, Libni A. Torres-Olascoaga, Alejandra Cantoral, Erica C. Jansen Frontiers in Sleep.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Addressing Physical Activity among Adults 50+: An Ethnographic Study of Physical Therapists Mariana Wingood, Denise M. Peters, Jeanne L. Shea, Nancy M. Gell Physical & Occupational Therapy In Geriatrics.2023; 41(2): 159. CrossRef
Considerations in designing trauma-focused interventions for displaced Afghan women Amaya Alexandra Ramos Frontiers in Global Women's Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Complexities of care in a college microbiology laboratory Sarah El Halwany, Steve Alsop International Journal of Science Education.2023; 45(16): 1321. CrossRef
Planning an artificial intelligence diabetic retinopathy screening program: a human-centered design approach Angelica C. Scanzera, Cameron Beversluis, Archit V. Potharazu, Patricia Bai, Ariel Leifer, Emily Cole, David Yuzhou Du, Hugh Musick, R. V. Paul Chan Frontiers in Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Constructing biology education research identities: a duoethnography Rou-Jia Sung, Emily A. Holt, Stanley M. Lo Frontiers in Education.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Health System Transformation Playbook and Unified Care Model: an integrated design, systems & complexity thinking approach to health system transformation Ken Wah Teo, Yun Hu, Kwee Tiang Chew, Wee Yang Pek, Hong Choon Chua, David Bruce Matchar, Yeuk Fan Ng Frontiers in Health Services.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Many Cooks in the Kitchen: Iterating a Qualitative Analysis Process Across Multiple Countries, Sites, and Teams Lauren Suchman, Serah Gitome, Mandayachepa Nyando, Zachary A. Kwena, Pauline Wekesa, Sarah Okumu, Louisa Ndunyu, Chioma Okoli, Aminat Tijani, Ayobambo Jegede, Ivan Idiodi, Grace Nmadu, Shakede Dimowo, Alfred Maluwa, Lynn Atuyambe, Catherine Birabwa, Phoeb Global Health: Science and Practice.2023; 11(6): e2300143. CrossRef
Etiquette of the antibiotic decision-making process for surgical prophylaxis in Ethiopia: a triangulated ethnographic study Getachew Alemkere, Gobezie T. Tegegne, Getnet Abebe Molla, Alemu Belayneh, Hanan Muzeyin, Wendwosen Shewarega, Yidnekachew Degefaw, Addisu Melkie, Workineh Getahun, Hailu Tadeg, Abebe Alemayehu, Eshetu Girma, Wondwossen Amogne Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
‘I think we're getting a bit clinical here’: A qualitative study of professionals' experiences of providing mental healthcare to young people within an Australian rural service Christina Malatzky, Lisa Bourke, Jane Farmer Health & Social Care in the Community.2022; 30(2): 519. CrossRef
“Everyone needs rehab, but…”: exploring post-stroke rehabilitation referral and acceptance decisions Kerry Marnane, Louise Gustafsson, Sally Bennett, Ingrid Rosbergen, Rohan Grimley Disability and Rehabilitation.2022; 44(17): 4717. CrossRef
How does culture influence the implementation of strategy training in stroke rehabilitation? A rapid ethnographic study of therapist perspectives in Taiwan and the United States Feng-Hang Chang, Beth E. Fields, Jessica M. Kersey, Chao-Yi Wu, Minmei Shih, Elizabeth R. Skidmore Disability and Rehabilitation.2022; 44(19): 5612. CrossRef
Integration of a smart multidose blister package for medication intake: A mixed method ethnographic informed study of older adults with chronic diseases Sadaf Faisal, Jessica Ivo, Ryan Tennant, Kelsey-Ann Prior, Kelly Grindrod, Colleen McMillan, Tejal Patel, Christine Leong PLOS ONE.2022; 17(1): e0262012. CrossRef
The burden of the caring role: Adaptation of family members to the caring role in surgical wards at a tertiary hospital in Malawi Gwaza Elizabeth International Journal of Nursing and Midwifery.2022; 14(1): 1. CrossRef
Understanding Complexity in Care: Opportunities for Ethnographic Research in Palliative Care Matthew P. Grant, Jennifer A. M. Philip, Luc Deliens, Paul A. Komesaroff Journal of Palliative Care.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Exploring Substance Use Disorder Nursing Competency in the Italian Context Johnny Acquaro, Silvia Scalzo, Arianna Procacci Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association.2022; 28(2): 164. CrossRef
Medical Education Research Design Maitray D. Patel, Sheryl G. Jordan Journal of the American College of Radiology.2022; 19(6): 693. CrossRef
How do general practitioners handle complexities? A team ethnographic study in Japan Junji Haruta, Ryohei Goto, Ozone Sachiko, Shuhei Kimura, Junko Teruyama, Yusuke Hama, Tetsuhiro Maeno BMC Primary Care.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Understanding approaches to continence care for people living with dementia in acute hospital settings: an ethnographic study Katie Featherstone, Andy Northcott, Paula Boddington, Deborah Edwards, Sofia Vougioukalou, Sue Bale, Karen Harrison Dening, Karen Logan, Rosie Tope, Daniel Kelly, Aled Jones, Jackie Askey, Jane Harden Health and Social Care Delivery Research.2022; 10(14): 1. CrossRef
SINFONIA study protocol: a phase II/III randomised controlled trial examining benefits of guided online group singing in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and interstitial lung disease and their carers Natasha Smallwood, Amy Pascoe, Sara Vogrin, Jennifer Philip Respiratory Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Patterns of communicating care and caring in the intensive care unit Hanan Subhi Al‐Shamaly Nursing Open.2022; 9(1): 277. CrossRef
Factors influencing chicken farmers' decisions to implement prevention and control measures to reduce avian influenza virus spread under endemic conditions Suman Das Gupta, Guillaume Fournié, Md. Ahasanul Hoque, Joerg Henning Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.2021; 68(1): 194. CrossRef
Creating a “Culture of Triage”: A Dual-Perspective Study of Interruptions During ICU Rounds Samuel A. Rosenblatt, Dorene F. Balmer, Donald L. Boyer Pediatric Critical Care Medicine.2021; 22(2): 172. CrossRef
Lessons in reflexivity of a pharmacist conducting ethnographic research Sadaf Faisal Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy.2021; 17(10): 1849. CrossRef
Study of EHR-mediated workflows using ethnography and process mining methods M Adela Grando, Vaishak Vellore, Benjamin J Duncan, David R Kaufman, Stephanie K Furniss, Bradley N Doebbeling, Karl A Poterack, Timothy Miksch, Richard A Helmers Health Informatics Journal.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
The effects of webcams on German neonatal intensive care units – study protocol of a randomised crossover trial (Neo-CamCare) Nadine Scholten, Sebastian Bretthauer, Kerstin Eilermann, Anna Hagemeier, Martin Hellmich, Jan Hoffmann, Dirk Horenkamp-Sonntag, Christiane Jannes, Ludwig Kuntz, Pauline Mantell, Laura Mause, Andreas Müller, Alinda Reimer, Christina Samel, Indra Spiecker BMC Health Services Research.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
‘It's cheaper than a dead cow’: Understanding veterinary medicine use on dairy farms Gwen M. Rees, Kristen K. Reyher, David C. Barrett, Henry Buller Journal of Rural Studies.2021; 86: 587. CrossRef
Preparation, Expectations, Experience, and Environment of a College/University Athletic Training Residency: An Ethnographic Study Lindsey E. Eberman Athletic Training Education Journal.2021; 16(3): 178. CrossRef
A journey into the unknown: An ethnographic examination of drug-resistant epilepsy treatment and management in the United States Glenn D.R. Watson, Pegah Afra, Luca Bartolini, Daniel A. Graf, Sanjeev V. Kothare, Patricia McGoldrick, Bethany J. Thomas, Aneeta R. Saxena, Luke D. Tomycz, Steven M. Wolf, Peter Z. Yan, Eliza C. Hagen Epilepsy & Behavior.2021; 124: 108319. CrossRef
Understanding the Science of Other Cultures Paul T. Keyser Aestimatio: Sources and Studies in the History of Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Why Disaster Subcultures Matter: A Tale of Two Communities: How and Why the 2007 Western Solomon Islands Tsunami Disaster Led to Different Outcomes for Two Ghizo Communities Kim Hagen, Michael G. Petterson, David Humphreys, Nigel Clark Geosciences.2021; 11(9): 387. CrossRef
Employment of Ethnography Research to Ensure Effective Delivery of Medical Education and Clinical Training Saurabh RamBihariLal Shrivastava, Prateek Saurabh Shrivastava Journal of Nature and Science of Medicine.2021; 4(2): 109. CrossRef
Putting patients into the centre: Patient empowerment in everyday health practices Anna Schneider-Kamp, Søren Askegaard Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine.2020; 24(6): 625. CrossRef
Patient perception of disease burden in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis Dinesh Khanna, Yannick Allanore, Christopher P Denton, Marco Matucci-Cerinic, Janet Pope, Barbara Hinzmann, Siobhan Davies, Janethe de Oliveira Pena, Oliver Distler Journal of Scleroderma and Related Disorders.2020; 5(1): 66. CrossRef
Clerkship students’ use of a video library for training the mental status examination Cecilie Fog-Petersen, Karen Borgnakke, Ralf Hemmingsen, Maria Gefke, Sidse Arnfred Nordic Journal of Psychiatry.2020; 74(5): 332. CrossRef
Exploring the role‐based challenges of providing culturally inclusive health care for maternal and child health nurses: Qualitative findings Christina Malatzky, Zubaidah Mohamed Shaburdin, Lisa Bourke Nursing Open.2020; 7(3): 822. CrossRef
Perioperative antimicrobial decision making: Focused ethnography study in orthopedic and cardiothoracic surgeries in an Australian hospital Trisha N. Peel, Eliza Watson, Kelly Cairns, Ho Yin (Ashley) Lam, Heidi Zhangrong Li, Ganan Ravindran, Jayan Seneviratne, David Daly, Susan Liew, David McGiffin, Paul Myles, Darshini Ayton Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.2020; 41(6): 645. CrossRef
Integrating the social sciences into the COVID-19 response in Alberta, Canada Myles Leslie, Raad Fadaak, Jan Davies, Johanna Blaak, PG Forest, Lee Green, John Conly BMJ Global Health.2020; 5(7): e002672. CrossRef
Common cognitive pitfalls in emergency medicine Thomas Kilner, Emma Butterfield, Jasmine Poonian Emergency Medicine Australasia.2020; 32(5): 849. CrossRef
Implementing a social network intervention: can the context for its workability be created? A quasi-ethnographic study J. Ellis, I. Vassilev, E. James, A. Rogers Implementation Science Communications.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Perceptions of traditional birth attendants and midwives related to neonatal airway management in rural Uganda: a focused ethnographic qualitative study Marvesh M Mendhi, Charlene Pope, Susan D Newman, Kathleen B Cartmell, Shahirose Premji Journal of Global Health Reports.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Technologies of Exposure: Videoconferenced Distributed Medical Education as a Sociomaterial Practice Anna MacLeod, Paula Cameron, Olga Kits, Jonathan Tummons Academic Medicine.2019; 94(3): 412. CrossRef
Refusal and resistance to care by people living with dementia being cared for within acute hospital wards: an ethnographic study Katie Featherstone, Andy Northcott, Jane Harden, Karen Harrison Denning, Rosie Tope, Sue Bale, Jackie Bridges Health Services and Delivery Research.2019; 7(11): 1. CrossRef
Ten tips for conducting focused ethnography in medical education research Marghalara Rashid, Carol S. Hodgson, Thea Luig Medical Education Online.2019; 24(1): 1624133. CrossRef
Investigating the Feasibility of Child Mortality Surveillance With Postmortem Tissue Sampling: Generating Constructs and Variables to Strengthen Validity and Reliability in Qualitative Research Elizabeth O’Mara Sage, Khátia R Munguambe, John Blevins, Rui Guilaze, Baindu Kosia, Maria Maixenchs, Quique Bassat, Inácio Mandomando, Reinhard Kaiser, Ahoua Kone, Amara Jambai, Nellie D Myburgh, Noni Ngwenya, Shabir A Madhi, Ketema Degefa, Caroline Ackle Clinical Infectious Diseases.2019; 69(Supplement): S291. CrossRef
The value of the ethnographic approach to research issues in palliative care Carla Reigada, Paula Sapeta, Carlos Centeno Current Opinion in Supportive & Palliative Care.2019; 13(4): 337. CrossRef
Exploring gendered leadership stereotypes in a shared leadership model in healthcare: a case study Saam Idelji-Tehrani, Muna Al-Jawad Medical Humanities.2019; 45(4): 388. CrossRef
Qualitative research in rehabilitation science: opportunities, challenges, and future directions Sandra VanderKaay, Sandra E. Moll, Rebecca E. Gewurtz, Pranay Jindal, Adalberto Loyola-Sanchez, Tara L. Packham, Chun Y. Lim Disability and Rehabilitation.2018; 40(6): 705. CrossRef
The tension between person centred and task focused care in an acute surgical setting: A critical ethnography Sandra Sharp, Margaret Mcallister, Mark Broadbent Collegian.2018; 25(1): 11. CrossRef
Self-care and entrepreneurism: an ethnography of soft skills development for higher education staff Alison Fixsen, Steven Cranfield, Damien Ridge Studies in Continuing Education.2018; 40(2): 181. CrossRef
Activating Technology for Connected Health in Cancer: Protocol for a Research and Training Program Nicola Mountford, Enrique Dorronzoro Zubiete, Threase Kessie, Begonya Garcia-Zapirain, Roberto Nuño-Solinís, David Coyle, Kristin B Munksgaard, Luis Fernandez-Luque, Octavio Rivera Romero, Matilde Mora Fernandez, Pedro Valero Jimenez, Ailish Daly, Ruth Wh JMIR Research Protocols.2018; 7(1): e14. CrossRef
Development of a decision aid for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and invasive mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit employing user-centered design and a wiki platform for rapid prototyping Ariane Plaisance, Holly O. Witteman, Annie LeBlanc, Jennifer Kryworuchko, Daren Keith Heyland, Mark H. Ebell, Louisa Blair, Diane Tapp, Audrey Dupuis, Carole-Anne Lavoie-Bérard, Carrie Anna McGinn, France Légaré, Patrick Michel Archambault, Joanna Hart PLOS ONE.2018; 13(2): e0191844. CrossRef
Lessons Learned from the Implementation of a Medically Enhanced Residential Treatment (MERT) Model Integrating Intravenous Antibiotics and Residential Addiction Treatment Honora Englander, Talitha Wilson, Devin Collins, Elena Phoutrides, Melissa Weimer, P. Todd Korthuis, Jessica Calcagni, Christina Nicolaidis Substance Abuse.2018; 39(2): 225. CrossRef
On patients, doctors and ethnographers: a response to Launer Robert Power, A Jamie Saris Postgraduate Medical Journal.2018; 94(1107): 64. CrossRef
The Parker Model: Applying a Qualitative Three-Step Approach to Optimally Utilize Input from Stakeholders When Introducing New Device Technologies in the Management of Chronic Rheumatic Diseases Tanja S. Jørgensen, Marie Skougaard, Peter C. Taylor, Hans C. Asmussen, Anne Lee, Louise Klokker, Louise Svejstrup, Irina Mountian, Henrik Gudbergsen, Lars Erik Kristensen The Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Research.2018; 11(5): 515. CrossRef
Introduction to Qualitative Research for Novice Investigators Bismah Jameel, Saqib Shaheen, Umair Majid Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology (URNCST) Journal.2018; 2(6): 1. CrossRef
How is the audit of therapy intensity influencing rehabilitation in inpatient stroke units in the UK? An ethnographic study Elizabeth Taylor, Fiona Jones, Christopher McKevitt BMJ Open.2018; 8(12): e023676. CrossRef
A qualitative analysis of staff-client interactions within a breast cancer assessment clinic J.M. Nightingale, F. Murphy, C. Eaton, R. Borgen Radiography.2017; 23(1): 38. CrossRef
Interdisciplinary medication decision making by pharmacists in pediatric hospital settings: An ethnographic study Ellie Rosenfeld, Sharon Kinney, Carlye Weiner, Fiona Newall, Allison Williams, Noel Cranswick, Ian Wong, Narelle Borrott, Elizabeth Manias Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
What Attitudes and Values Are Incorporated Into Self as Part of Professional Identity Construction When Becoming a Surgeon? Alexandra Cope, Jeff Bezemer, Stella Mavroveli, Roger Kneebone Academic Medicine.2017; 92(4): 544. CrossRef
Patients as ethnographers John Launer Postgraduate Medical Journal.2017; 93(1100): 371. CrossRef
Implementation in the midst of complexity: Using ethnography to study health care–associated infection prevention and control Mary Jo Knobloch, Kevin V. Thomas, Erin Patterson, Michele L. Zimbric, Jackson Musuuza, Nasia Safdar American Journal of Infection Control.2017; 45(10): 1058. CrossRef
Social participation and recovery orientation in a “low threshold” community mental health service: An ethnographic study Toril Anne Elstad, Arne Henning Eide, Udo Schumacher Cogent Medicine.2017; 4(1): 1362840. CrossRef
Conducting a team-based multi-sited focused ethnography in primary care A.P. Bikker, H. Atherton, H. Brant, T. Porqueddu, J.L. Campbell, A. Gibson, B. McKinstry, C. Salisbury, S. Ziebland BMC Medical Research Methodology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Chronic Disease and Self-Injection: Ethnographic Investigations into the Patient Experience During Treatment Michael Schiff, Shane Saunderson, Irina Mountian, Paul Hartley Rheumatology and Therapy.2017; 4(2): 445. CrossRef
Aspectos éticos de la investigación etnográfica en salud. El papel del comité de ética de la investigación Fernando Suárez-Obando, Carlos Gómez-Restrepo Persona y Bioética.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
The Malay Traditional Food Preparation Mohd Shazali Md. Sharif, Norazmir Md Nor, Salehuddin Mohd Zahari, Mohammad Halim Jeinie Asian Journal of Quality of Life.2017; 2(7): 39. CrossRef
Role of ethnographic research for assessing behavior of employees during cleaning and sanitation in food preparation areas Philip G. Crandall, Corliss A. O'Bryan, Dale A. Grinstead, Katie Das, Carolyn Rose, Jessica J. Shabatura Food Control.2016; 59: 849. CrossRef
Development of a Decision Aid for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Involving Intensive Care Unit Patients' and Health Professionals' Participation Using User-Centered Design and a Wiki Platform for Rapid Prototyping: A Research Protocol Ariane Plaisance, Holly O Witteman, Daren Keith Heyland, Mark H Ebell, Audrey Dupuis, Carole-Anne Lavoie-Bérard, France Légaré, Patrick Michel Archambault JMIR Research Protocols.2016; 5(1): e24. CrossRef
Understanding the Culture of Graduate Medical Education: The Benefits of Ethnographic Research Anna MacLeod Journal of Graduate Medical Education.2016; 8(2): 142. CrossRef
Defining Patient Centric Pharmaceutical Drug Product Design Sven Stegemann, Robert L. Ternik, Graziano Onder, Mansoor A. Khan, Diana A. van Riet-Nales The AAPS Journal.2016; 18(5): 1047. CrossRef
Enhancing the Effectiveness of Significant Event Analysis: Exploring Personal Impact and Applying Systems Thinking in Primary Care Paul Bowie, Elaine McNaughton, David Bruce, Deirdre Holly, Eleanor Forrest, Marion Macleod, Susan Kennedy, Ailsa Power, Denis Toppin, Irene Black, Janet Pooley, Audrey Taylor, Vivien Swanson, Moya Kelly, Julie Ferguson, Suzanne Stirling, Judy Wakeling, An Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions.2016; 36(3): 195. CrossRef
An anthropological approach to teach and evaluate cultural competence in medical students – the application of mini-ethnography in medical history taking Jyh-Gang Hsieh, Mutsu Hsu, Ying-Wei Wang Medical Education Online.2016; 21(1): 32561. CrossRef
An Observational Case Study of Near-peer Teaching in Medical and Pharmacy Experiential Training Bayan Sharif-Chan, Dipti Tankala, Christine Leong, Zubin Austin, Marisa Battistella American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education.2016; 80(7): 114. CrossRef
Qualitative research and its methods in epilepsy: Contributing to an understanding of patients' lived experiences of the disease Frances Rapport, Clare Clement, Marcus A. Doel, Hayley A. Hutchings Epilepsy & Behavior.2015; 45: 94. CrossRef
Nurses' narratives on workplace English in Taiwan: Improving patient care and enhancing professionalism Susan Bosher, Joel Stocker English for Specific Purposes.2015; 38: 109. CrossRef
Dominance of paternalism on family-centered care in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU): An ethnographic study Parvaneh Vasli, Nahid Dehghan-Nayeri, Leili Borim-Nezhad, AbouAli Vedadhir Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing.2015; 38(2): 118. CrossRef
Cultural ecosystem services and their effects on human health and well-being – A cross-disciplinary methodological review Ulrike Pröbstl-Haider Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism.2015; 10: 1. CrossRef
What Makes the Malay Young Generation had Limited Skills and Knowledge in the Malay Traditional Food Preparation? Mohd Shazali Md. Sharif, Norazmir Md Nor, Mohd Salehuddin Mohd Zahari, Rosmaliza Muhammad Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences.2015; 202: 152. CrossRef
The Encounters and Challenges of Ethnography as a Methodology in Health Research Marghalara Rashid, Vera Caine, Helly Goez International Journal of Qualitative Methods.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Ethnographic process evaluation in primary care: explaining the complexity of implementation Arwen E Bunce, Rachel Gold, James V Davis, Carmit K McMullen, Victoria Jaworski, MaryBeth Mercer, Christine Nelson BMC Health Services Research.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Enhancing the public impact of ethnography Emily Martin, Gideon Litchfield, Mehret Mandefro, Farah Parvez, Seth M. Holmes, Danielle Lindemann, Helena Hansen Social Science & Medicine.2013; 99: 205. CrossRef
Grounded theory in medical education research: AMEE Guide No. 70 Christopher J. Watling, Lorelei Lingard Medical Teacher.2012; 34(10): 850. CrossRef
Review article: Medical education research: an overview of methods Sylvain Boet, Saroo Sharma, Joanne Goldman, Scott Reeves Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie.2012; 59(2): 159. CrossRef