1Medical Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
2Medical Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
3Medical Department, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
4Medical Department, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
5The London Deanery HEE, Queen Mary University London, United Kingdom
6First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
7First Department of Surgery, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
8Second Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Conflict of interest
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Each question used a five-point Likert scale, with 1 as the minimum score and 5 as the maximum. The overall score was calculated as (TrS+FaS+TiS+SatS+4xICl)/8. The reliability was tested with Cronbach's alpha, with results of 0.951 for the OvS, 0.829 for the TrS, 0.895 for the FaS, 0.920 for the TiS, and 0.781 for the SatS.
SD, standard deviation.
Reliability was measured with Cronbach's alpha, with results of 0.95 for the overall score, 0.88 for SPL, 0.84 for SPT, 0.80 for SASP, 0.83 for SPA, and 0.69 for SSSP. The maximum score of each question (including Q1 and Q2) is 4, while the maximum scores of the SPL, SPT, SASP, SPA, SSSP, and overall scales were 48, 44, 32, 48, 28, and 200, respectively.
SD, standard deviation.
Variable | N (%) |
Mean (SD) |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | SPL | SPT | SASP | SPA | SSSP | Q1 | Q2 | ||
Overall | 176 (76.5)a) | 144.61 (28.05) | 34.45 (7.31) | 32.70 (7.65) | 22.99 (4.76) | 35.10 (7.44) | 19.36 (4.32) | 3.66 (0.91) | 3.59 (0.63) |
Maximum | 200 | 48 | 44 | 32 | 48 | 28 | 5 | 5 | |
Interpretation (limits of score category) | More positive than negative (101-150) | A more positive perception (25-36) | Moving in the right direction (23-33) | Feeling more on the positive side (17-24) | A more positive atmosphere (25-36) | Not too bad (15-21) | |||
Cronbach's alpha | 0.95 | 0.88 | 0.84 | 0.79 | 0.83 | 0.69 | |||
Gender | |||||||||
Male | 86 (48.9%)b) | 146.76 (26.41) | 34.30 (7.03) | 33.15 (7.27) | 23.35 (4.46) | 36.24 (6.84) | 19.71 (4.02) | 3.71 (0.91) | 3.62 (0.64) |
Female | 90 (51.1%)b) | 142.57 (29.54) | 34.60 (7.61) | 32.28 (8.00) | 22.66 (5.04) | 34.00 (7.86) | 19.03 (4.58) | 3.61 (0.92) | 3.57 (0.62) |
P-value | 0.597 | 0.353 | 0.619 | 0.662 | 0.081 | 0.912 | 0.503 | 0.321 | |
Year of study | |||||||||
1st | 48 (27.3%)b) | 146.33 (24.38) | 35.58 (6.36) | 33.08 (7.67) | 22.50 (4.11) | 35.21 (6.19) | 19.96 (3.90) | 3.54 (0.94) | 3.85 (0.46) |
2nd | 28 (15.9%)b) | 136.86 (32.94) | 32.36 (8.02) | 30.79 (8.57) | 22.07 (5.78) | 34.14 (9.83) | 17.50 (4.88) | 3.29 (0.94) | 3.29 (0.66) |
3rd | 27 (15.3%)b) | 143.37 (27.75) | 33.67 (7.15) | 32.59 (6.20) | 24.07 (4.51) | 33.93 (6.89) | 19.11 (4.85) | 3.85 (0.82) | 3.18 (0.62) |
4th | 38 (21.6%)b) | 153.08 (31.40) | 35.71 (8.85) | 34.95 (7.96) | 23.82 (5.65) | 37.34 (7.70) | 21.26 (3.67) | 3.92 (0.78) | 3.63 (0.67) |
5th | 23 (13.1%)b) | 149.17 (20.12) | 35.00 (5.99) | 33.82 (6.66) | 24.09 (2.97) | 37.17 (5.46) | 19.09 (3.88) | 3.65 (1.07) | 3.70 (0.56) |
6th | 12 (6.8%)b) | 123.08 (20.11) | 31.58 (5.48) | 26.67 (5.96) | 20.00 (3.62) | 28.42 (5.35) | 16.42 (3.12) | 3.75 (0.75) | 3.83 (0.39) |
P-value | 0.013 | 0.097 | 0.009 | 0.031 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.093 | <0.001 | |
School | |||||||||
A.U.Th. | 144 (81.8%)b) | 143.15 (29.04) | 33.98 (7.63) | 32.42 (7.73) | 22.78 (4.92) | 34.90 (7.77) | 19.08 (4.46) | 3.67 (0.91) | 3.58 (0.65) |
Other | 32 (18.2%)b) | 151.22 (22.32) | 36.59 (5.27) | 34.00 (7.23) | 23.97 (3.89) | 36.00 (5.79) | 20.66 (3.37) | 3.59 (0.91) | 3.62 (0.49) |
P-value | 0.141 | 0.075 | 0.328 | 0.259 | 0.580 | 0.034 | 0.609 | 0.949 | |
Category of partici | pation | ||||||||
Full | 53 (30.1%)b) | 151.98 (25.87) | 36.47 (6.67) | 34.57 (6.58) | 24.23 (4.47) | 36.55 (7.02) | 20.17 (4.13) | 3.89 (0.87) | 3.75 (0.48) |
OB | 123 (69.9%)b) | 141.44 (28.46) | 33.59 (7.43) | 31.90 (7.95) | 22.46 (4.81) | 34.47 (7.56) | 19.02 (4.37) | 3.56 (0.92) | 3.52 (0.67) |
P-value | 0.038 | 0.041 | 0.058 | 0.033 | 0.181 | 0.127 | 0.026 | 0.022 |
All tests conducted after the appropriate assumptions were confirmed.
a) Refers to the target (the 230 participants in the seminar).
b) Refers to the sample that answered (176 students).
A.U.Th., Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; SPL, students’ perceptions of learning; SPT, students’ perceptions of teachers; SASP, students’ academic self-perceptions; SPA, students’ perceptions of atmosphere; SSSP, students’ social self-perceptions; OB, observer.
N (%) |
Mean (SD) |
P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-test | Post-test | |||
Overall | 60 (100%)a) | 70.08 (16.23) | 85.53 (13.40) | <0.001 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 30 (50%)b) | 72.42 (17.25) | 87.88 (13.36) | <0.001 |
Female | 30 (50%)b) | 67.73 (15.07) | 83.18 (13.25) | <0.001 |
P-value | 0.194 | 0.112 | ||
Year of study | ||||
4th | 29 (48.3%)b) | 67.71 (15.90) | 85.11 (14.27) | <0.001 |
5th | 21 (35%)b) | 71.21 (14.61) | 84.85 (11.97) | <0.001 |
6th | 10 (16.7%)b) | 74.55 (20.57) | 88.18 (14.72) | 0.007 |
P-value | 0.493 | 0.554 | ||
School | ||||
A.U.Th. | 50 (83.3%)b) | 71.91 (15.52) | 87.64 (12.15) | 0.001 |
Other | 10 (16.7%)b) | 60.91 (17.43) | 75.00 (15.04) | 0.007 |
P-value | 0.049 | 0.016 |
The score (%) was calculated as (c/22) × 100%, with c referring to the number of correct answers. The maximum score was 100%, while the minimum was 0%. The related-samples Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare pre- and post-test results. All tests were conducted after the appropriate assumptions were confirmed.
a) Refers to the target (the 60 participants of the full category).
b) Refers to the sample that answered (60 students).
A.U.Th., Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; SD, standard deviation.