Research article
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Development and psychometric assessment of a scale for evaluating healthcare professionals’ attitudes toward interprofessional education and collaboration in the United States: a cross-sectional study
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Michael Christopher Banks
, Ryan Brock Mutcheson
, Maedot Ariaya Haymete
, Serkan Toy
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J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2025;22:32. Published online October 20, 2025
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2025.22.32
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Abstract
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Supplementary Material
- Purpose
Interprofessional education (IPE) is increasingly recognized as critical to preparing health professionals for collaborative practice, yet rigorous assessment remains limited by a lack of psychometrically sound instruments. Building on a previously developed questionnaire for physicians, this study aimed to expand the scale to include allied health professionals and to evaluate whether the factor structure remained consistent across professions. We hypothesized that a similar factor structure would emerge from the combined dataset, thereby supporting the scale’s generalizability.
Methods
This observational study included 930 healthcare professionals in the United States (379 physicians, 419 nurses, 76 pharmacists, and others) who completed a 35-item questionnaire addressing IPE competency domains. Data were collected between December 2019 and May 2020. Exploratory factor analysis was employed to examine the factor structure, followed by item response theory (IRT) analyses to assess item fit, reliability, and validity. Raw data are available upon request.
Results
Factor analysis of 22 retained items confirmed a 5-factor solution: teamwork and communication, patient-centered care, roles and responsibilities, ethics and attitudes, and reflective practice, explaining 59% of the variance. Subscale reliabilities ranged from α=0.65 to 0.87. IRT analyses supported construct validity and measurement precision, while identifying areas for refinement in reflective practice.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates that the scale is reliable, valid, and generalizable across diverse health professions. It provides a robust tool for assessing attitudes toward IPE, offering value for curriculum evaluation, institutional benchmarking, and future longitudinal research on professional identity formation and collaborative practice.
Brief Report
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Effectiveness of interprofessional education enhanced by live consultation observations for healthcare students and new professionals in Singapore: a retrospective cross-sectional study
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Lynette Mei Lim Goh
, Wai Leong Chiu
, Sky Wei Chee Koh
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J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2025;22:21. Published online August 21, 2025
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2025.22.21
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Abstract
Supplementary Material
- This study aims to evaluate whether incorporating live consultation observations into interprofessional education (IPE) improves learning evaluation scores among healthcare professionals and students. A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted using evaluation data from AHP IPE sessions held from January 2020 to December 2023 across 7 primary care clinics in Singapore. Evaluation scores were compared between sessions with facilitated discussions only (n=667) and sessions with additional live consultation observations (n=501). Logistic regression was used to analyze factors associated with perfect evaluation scores. Sessions that included live consultations were significantly more likely to achieve perfect evaluation scores (odds ratio [OR], 1.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27–2.22). Nursing/care coordinator and allied health professions (OR 2.07 and 1.76 respectively) were significantly more likely to give perfect scores compared to medical professions. Healthcare professionals were also more likely to give perfect scores than students (OR, 1.52; 95% CI,1.08–2.14), indicating enhanced perceived effectiveness. These findings support the use of experiential learning strategies to optimize interprofessional training outcomes.
Research article
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Effect of an interprofessional simulation program on patient safety competencies of healthcare professionals in Switzerland: a before and after study
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Sylvain Boloré
, Thomas Fassier
, Nicolas Guirimand
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J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2023;20:25. Published online August 28, 2023
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2023.20.25
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7,576
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360
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8
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12
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Abstract
PDF
Supplementary Material
- Purpose
This study aimed to identify the effects of a 12-week interprofessional simulation program, operated between February 2020 and January 2021, on the patient safety competencies of healthcare professionals in Switzerland.
Methods
The simulation training was based on 2 scenarios of hospitalized patients with septic shock and respiratory failure, and trainees were expected to demonstrate patient safety competencies. A single-group before and after study was conducted after the intervention—simulation program, using a measurement tool (the Health Professional Education in Patient Safety Survey) to measure the perceived competencies of physicians, nurses, and nursing assistants. Out of 57 participants, 37 answered the questionnaire surveys 4 times: 48 hours before the training, followed by post-surveys at 24 hours, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks after the training. The linear mixed effect model was applied for the analysis.
Results
Four components out of 6 perceived patient safety competencies improved at 6 weeks but returned to a similar level before training at 12 weeks. Competencies of “communicating effectively,” “managing safety risks,” “understanding human and environmental factors that influence patient safety,” and “recognize and respond to remove immediate risks of harm” are statistically significant both overall and in the comparison between before the training and 6 weeks after the training.
Conclusion
Interprofessional simulation programs contributed to developing some areas of patient safety competencies of healthcare professionals, but only for a limited time. Interprofessional simulation programs should be repeated and combined with other forms of support, including case discussions and debriefings, to ensure lasting effects.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Sustaining emergency team competencies: Impact of interprofessional simulation with team resource management and structured debriefing
Yihsuan Tsai, Chunwen Chiu, Shouchuan Sun, Hsingju Lin, Chihhao Lin, Yawen Lee
Clinical Simulation in Nursing.2026; 110: 101880. CrossRef - Interprofessional education in healthcare settings: are healthcare professionals translating learning into practice? An integrated mixed methods systematic review
Rebecca Field, Claire Palermo, Jane Kellett, Thomas Bevitt, Krishna Lambert, Rachel Bacon
Journal of Interprofessional Care.2026; 40(3): 565. CrossRef - Expressive pragmatic language in mood and psychotic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Fiona Meister, Martin Sellier Silva, Gleb Melshin, Chaimaa El Mouslih, Farida Zaher, Roozbeh Sattari, Hsi T. Wei, Neyra Mekideche, Valentina Bambini, Alban Voppel, Lena Palaniyappan
Schizophrenia.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - From Communication Strengths to Cultural Gaps: Patient Safety Competencies in a Vietnamese Provincial Hospital
Khanh Bao Luong, Son Anh Dao, Hang Thi Thu Hoang, Anh Thi My Bui, Tuan Minh Tran, Luong Huy Duong, Thu Thi Hoai Nguyen
The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing.2026; 57(5): 220. CrossRef - Enhancing Malignant Hyperthermia Response via Rapid Cycle Deliberate Practice: An In Situ Interprofessional Simulation Quality Improvement Project
Ayumi S. Fielden, Mary K. Sanders, Lisa K. Morris
AORN Journal.2026; 123(4): 291. CrossRef - Identification of suicide brain transcriptomic signatures using meta-analysis of multiple cohorts
Aleksandr V. Sokolov, Muataz S. Lafta, Jussi Jokinen, Helgi B. Schiöth
Translational Psychiatry.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - Undergraduate interprofessional educational interventions targeting patient safety competencies: A scoping review
Sylvain Boloré, Katherine Blondon, Laura Ciavarella, Imène Khetir, Hélène Lalière, Maud Elmaleh-Morand, Alexandra Szarzynski Blocquet, Patrick Lavoie
Journal of Interprofessional Education & Practice.2026; 44: 100818. CrossRef - Astonishment as a Trigger for Reflective Learning in Health Professions Education: A Focused Mapping Review with Patient Safety Implications
Sylvain Boloré, Céline Pommier, Annissa Daas, Sofia Arbaoui, Natacha Bossi, Loïc Martin
MedEdPublish.2026; 16: 20. CrossRef - Midwifery Students’ and Obstetricians’ Perception of Training in Non-Technical Skills
Coralie Fregonese, Paul Guerby, Gilles Vallade, Régis Fuzier
Simulation & Gaming.2025; 56(4): 374. CrossRef - Cenário de simulação realística sobre respostas não punitivas aos erros no Centro Cirúrgico
Francyne Sequeira Lopes Martins, Dionisia Oliveira of Oliveira, Cassiana Gil Prates, Kaihara Freitas Furtado, Rita Catalina Aquino Caregnato
Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Realistic simulation scenario on non-punitive responses to errors in the Surgical Center
Francyne Sequeira Lopes Martins, Dionisia Oliveira of Oliveira, Cassiana Gil Prates, Kaihara Freitas Furtado, Rita Catalina Aquino Caregnato
Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Interprofessional education interventions for healthcare professionals to improve patient safety: a scoping review
Yan Jiang, Yan Cai, Xue Zhang, Cong Wang
Medical Education Online.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Educational/Faculty training material
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Online interprofessional education materials through a community learning program during the COVID 19 pandemic in Chile
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Sandra Oyarzo Torres
, Mónica Espinoza Barrios
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J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2022;19:6. Published online March 24, 2022
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2022.19.6
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9,112
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310
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3
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4
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Abstract
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Supplementary Material
- This article aims to share the online collaborative experience of interprofessional teamwork among healthcare undergraduate students based on community learning during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Chile. This experience took place in 48 different communities in Chile from November 10, 2020 to January 12, 2021. It was a way of responding to the health education needs of the community when the entire Chilean population was in confinement. Students managed to adapt to the COVID-19 pandemic despite the challenges, including internet connectivity problems and the limited time available to do the work. The educational programs and videos shared in this article will be helpful for other interprofessional health educators to implement the same kind of program.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Interdisciplinary Vocational Training for Resilient, Integrated, and Person-Centered Health Systems
Mónica Valenzuela, Osvaldo Artaza, Javier Santa Cruz, Marcelo Fagalde, Mónica Espinoza, Sandra Oyarzo, Erich V. De Paula, Rogelio Pizzi
Archives of Medical Research.2025; 56(7): 103243. CrossRef - Social representations of interdisciplinary work from the perspectives of students and clinical tutors on a cardiovascular rehabilitation program in Chile
Raúl Ahumada, Marcela Aravena-Winkler, Cinara Sacomori
International Journal of Educational Research Open.2025; 9: 100515. CrossRef - A community-engaged interprofessional project led by medical students, school of social work students, and resident physicians: lessons learned and recommendations for success
Sabrina Orta, Daniela Santos Cantu, Giuiseppe Allan Fonseca, Luis Torres-Hostos, Chelsea Chang
Journal of Interprofessional Care.2024; 38(6): 1008. CrossRef - Successful Development and Implementation of a Large Virtual Interprofessional Education Activity Applying the Social Determinants of Health
Karl R. Kodweis, Elizabeth A. Hall, Chelsea P. Renfro, Neena Thomas-Gosain, Robin Lennon-Dearing, Jonathon K. Walker, Tyler M. Kiles
Pharmacy.2022; 10(6): 157. CrossRef
Educational/faculty development material
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Implementation and lessons learned from 2 online interprofessional faculty development programs for improving educational practice in the health professions in Chile and the United Kingdom from 2018 to 2021
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Cesar Orsini
, Veena Rodrigues
, Jorge Tricio
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J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2021;18:21. Published online August 9, 2021
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2021.18.21
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9,927
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339
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1
Web of Science
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3
Crossref
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Abstract
PDF
Supplementary Material
- This study presents the design, implementation, and lessons learned from 2 fit-for-purpose online interprofessional faculty development programs for educational practice improvement in the health professions in Chile and the United Kingdom from 2018 to 2021. Both programs were designed to enhance teaching and learning practices in an interprofessional environment based on 4 pillars: professional diversity, egalitarianism, blended/online learning, and active learning strategies. A multidisciplinary mix of educators participated, showing similar results. The 3 main lessons learned were that the following factors facilitated an interprofessional environment: a professions-inclusive teaching style, a flexible learning climate, and interprofessional peer work. These lessons may be transferable to other programs seeking to enhance and support interprofessionality. Faculty development initiatives preparing educators for interprofessional practice should be an integral component of health professions education, as delivering these courses within professional silos is no longer justifiable. As the relevance of interprofessional education grows, an effective way of promoting interprofessonal education is to train the trainers in formal interprofessional settings.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Curso de atualização em desenvolvimento docente para a Educação Interprofissional em Saúde: percepção dos cursistas
Andrezza Karine Araújo de Medeiros Pereira, Cláudia Fell Amado, Cristiane Spadacio, Andrea Ribeiro da Costa, Marcelo Viana da Costa
Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - Perceived team roles of medical students: a five year cross-sectional study
Anke Boone, Mathieu Roelants, Karel Hoppenbrouwers, Corinne Vandermeulen, Marc Du Bois, Lode Godderis
BMC Medical Education.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Using Evidence to Inform Future Research and Practice – Online Interprofessional Education in Biomedical Science Curriculum
Anjani Kumari
International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS).2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Research articles
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Evaluation of student perceptions with 2 interprofessional assessment tools—the Collaborative Healthcare Interdisciplinary Relationship Planning instrument and the Interprofessional Attitudes Scale—following didactic and clinical learning experiences in the United States
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Vincent Dennis
, Melissa Craft
, Dale Bratzler
, Melody Yozzo
, Denise Bender
, Christi Barbee
, Stephen Neely
, Margaret Robinson
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J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2019;16:35. Published online November 5, 2019
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2019.16.35
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14,155
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246
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14
Web of Science
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15
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Abstract
PDF
Supplementary Material
- Purpose
This study investigated changes in students’ attitudes using 2 validated interprofessional survey instruments—the Collaborative Healthcare Interdisciplinary Relationship Planning (CHIRP) instrument and the Interprofessional Attitudes Scale (IPAS)—before and after didactic and clinical cohorts.
Methods
Students from 7 colleges/schools participated in didactic and clinical cohorts during the 2017–2018 year. Didactic cohorts experienced 2 interactive sessions 6 months apart, while clinical cohorts experienced 4 outpatient clinical sessions once monthly. For the baseline and post-cohort assessments, 865 students were randomly assigned to complete either the 14-item CHIRP or the 27-item IPAS. The Pittman test using permutations of linear ranks was used to determine differences in the score distribution between the baseline and post-cohort assessments. Pooled results were compared for the CHIRP total score and the IPAS total and subdomain scores. For each score, 3 comparisons were made simultaneously: overall baseline versus post-didactic cohort, overall baseline versus post-clinical cohort, and post-didactic cohort versus post-clinical cohort. Alpha was adjusted to 0.0167 to account for simultaneous comparisons.
Results
The baseline and post-cohort survey response rates were 62.4% and 65.9% for CHIRP and 58.7% and 58.1% for IPAS, respectively. The post-clinical cohort scores for the IPAS subdomain of teamwork, roles, and responsibilities were significantly higher than the baseline and post-didactic cohort scores. No differences were seen for the remaining IPAS subdomain scores or the CHIRP instrument total score.
Conclusion
The IPAS instrument may discern changes in student attitudes in the subdomain of teamwork, roles, and responsibilities following short-term clinical experiences involving diverse interprofessional team members.
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- Evaluating Interprofessional Education Competencies in Nursing and Pharmacy Students During an Interprofessional Problem-Based Learning Activity: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Hailah Almoghirah, Rana Aljadeed, Khulud Almutairi, Raeed Alanazi, Asma Alfarhan, Wael Mansy, Basma Kentab, Latifah Almater, Ghada Bawazeer, Haya Almalag
Advances in Medical Education and Practice.2026; Volume 17: 1. CrossRef - Evaluation of Changes in Students’ Perceptions of Scientific Article Writing Skills through a Cohort Survey
Hendra Yulisman, Wardiah Wardiah, Wiwit Artika, Andi Ulfa Tenri Pada, Cut Intan Evtia Nurina
Indonesian Journal of Education Research (IJoER).2025; 6(2): 168. CrossRef - Evidência da efetividade da educação interprofissional em saúde
Vanessa de Souza Amaral, Lara Camargo de Oliveira, Emily de Souza Ferreira, Tiago Ricardo Moreira, Glauce Dias da Costa, Rosângela Minardi Mitre Cotta
JMPHC | Journal of Management & Primary Health Care | ISSN 2179-6750.2025; 17: e005. CrossRef - Impact of an Inaugural Interprofessional Education Session Among Multidisciplinary Healthcare Students: A Mixed Methods Study from the United Arab Emirates
Abeer Al-Ghananeem, Subish Palaian, Nadir Kheir, Erum Khan, Sanah Hasan, Mohamed Jaber, Ahmad Ahmeda, Deema Mahasneh, Nihal Ibrahim, Abdallah Abd Al Magied
Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare.2025; Volume 18: 7007. CrossRef - Shaping interprofessional identity and attitudes: scenario-based training in oral–systemic patient management
Cihan Varol, Giray Kolcu, Mukadder İnci Başer Kolcu
BMC Medical Education.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Interprofessional communication skills training to improve medical students’ and nursing trainees’ error communication - quasi-experimental pilot study
Lina Heier, Barbara Schellenberger, Anna Schippers, Sebastian Nies, Franziska Geiser, Nicole Ernstmann
BMC Medical Education.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Tools for self- or peer-assessment of interprofessional competencies of healthcare students: a scoping review
Sharon Brownie, Jia Rong Yap, Denise Blanchard, Issac Amankwaa, Amy Pearce, Kesava Kovanur Sampath, Ann-Rong Yan, Patrea Andersen, Patrick Broman
Frontiers in Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Development and implementation of interprofessional education activity among health professions students in Jordan: A pilot investigation
Osama Y. Alshogran, Zaid Al-Hamdan, Alla El-Awaisi, Hana Alkhalidy, Nesreen Saadeh, Hadeel Alsqaier
Journal of Interprofessional Care.2023; 37(4): 588. CrossRef - Tools for faculty assessment of interdisciplinary competencies of healthcare students: an integrative review
Sharon Brownie, Denise Blanchard, Isaac Amankwaa, Patrick Broman, Marrin Haggie, Carlee Logan, Amy Pearce, Kesava Sampath, Ann-Rong Yan, Patrea Andersen
Frontiers in Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Interprofessional education tracks: One schools response to common IPE barriers
Kim G. Adcock, Sally Earl
Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning.2023; 15(5): 528. CrossRef - Interprofessional education and collaborative practice in Nigeria – Pharmacists' and pharmacy students' attitudes and perceptions of the obstacles and recommendations
Segun J. Showande, Tolulope P. Ibirongbe
Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning.2023; 15(9): 787. CrossRef - To IPAS or not to IPAS? Examining the construct validity of the Interprofessional Attitudes Scale in Hong Kong
Fraide A. Ganotice, Amy Yin Man Chow, Kelvin Kai Hin Fan, Ui Soon Khoo, May Pui San Lam, Rebecca Po Wah Poon, Francis Hang Sang Tsoi, Michael Ning Wang, George L. Tipoe
Journal of Interprofessional Care.2022; 36(1): 127. CrossRef - Turkish adaptation of the interprofessional attitude scale (IPAS)
Mukadder Inci Baser Kolcu, Ozlem Surel Karabilgin Ozturkcu, Giray Kolcu
Journal of Interprofessional Care.2022; 36(5): 684. CrossRef - Patient participation in interprofessional learning and collaboration with undergraduate health professional students in clinical placements: A scoping review
Catrine Buck Jensen, Bente Norbye, Madeleine Abrandt Dahlgren, Anita Iversen
Journal of Interprofessional Education & Practice.2022; 27: 100494. CrossRef - Can interprofessional education change students’ attitudes? A case study from Lebanon
Carine J. Sakr, Lina Fakih, Jocelyn Dejong, Nuhad Yazbick-Dumit, Hussein Soueidan, Wiam Haidar, Elias Boufarhat, Imad Bou Akl
BMC Medical Education.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Impact of interprofessional education on students of the health professions: a systematic review
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Amy Leigh Dyess
, Jordyn Shelby Brown
, Natasha Dianne Brown
, Katherine Merrill Flautt
, Lisa Jayroe Barnes
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J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2019;16:33. Published online October 23, 2019
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2019.16.33
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23,505
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734
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81
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Abstract
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Supplementary Material
- Purpose
Interprofessional education (IPE) is a concept that allows students from different health professions to learn with and from each other as they gain knowledge about their chosen professions and the professions of their colleagues. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the effectiveness of IPE in the academic preparation of students of the health professions.
Methods
A search was conducted of the PubMed and CINAHL databases using the following eligibility criteria: IPE including students from 3 or more healthcare professions, IPE exposure within academic coursework, measurement of attitudes and/or perceptions as outcomes, and quantitative reporting of results. Articles were screened by title, abstract, and full text, and data were extracted.
Results
The search yielded 870 total articles. After screening, 7 articles remained for review. All studies reported a positive impact of IPE on the education of students of the health professions.
Conclusion
Evidence showed that IPE activities were an effective tool for improving attitudes toward interdisciplinary teamwork, communication, shared problem-solving, and knowledge and skills in preparation for collaboration within interdisciplinary teams.
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Citations
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Advances in Simulation.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Awareness and perception of One Health among veterinary and medical students at the University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
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Global Surgical Education - Journal of the Association for Surgical Education.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Pharmacy School Students’ Perceptions of Interprofessional Education
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Frontiers in Dental Medicine.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Effectiveness of an Interprofessional Education Model to Influence Students' Perceptions on Interdisciplinary Work
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MAMC Journal of Medical Sciences.2020; 6(2): 125. CrossRef - A virtual patient model for students’ interprofessional learning in primary healthcare
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