Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions

Research articles

No difference in factual or conceptual recall comprehension for tablet, laptop, and handwritten note-taking by medical students in the United States: a survey-based observational study: Warren Wiechmann, Robert Edwards, Cheyenne Low, Alisa Wray, Megan Boysen-Osborn, Shannon Toohey; J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2022;19:8. Published online April 26, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2022.19.8

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Purpose
Technological advances are changing how students approach learning. The traditional note-taking methods of longhand writing have been supplemented and replaced by tablets, smartphones, and laptop note-taking. It has been theorized that writing notes by hand requires more complex cognitive processes and may lead to better retention. However, few studies have investigated the use of tablet-based note-taking, which allows the incorporation of typing, drawing, highlights, and media. We therefore sought to confirm the hypothesis that tablet-based note-taking would lead to equivalent or better recall as compared to written note-taking.
Methods
We allocated 68 students into longhand, laptop, or tablet note-taking groups, and they watched and took notes on a presentation on which they were assessed for factual and conceptual recall. A second short distractor video was shown, followed by a 30-minute assessment at the University of California, Irvine campus, over a single day period in August 2018. Notes were analyzed for content, supplemental drawings, and other media sources.
Results
No significant difference was found in the factual or conceptual recall scores for tablet, laptop, and handwritten note-taking (P=0.61). The median word count was 131.5 for tablets, 121.0 for handwriting, and 297.0 for laptops (P=0.01). The tablet group had the highest presence of drawing, highlighting, and other media/tools.
Conclusion
In light of conflicting research regarding the best note-taking method, our study showed that longhand note-taking is not superior to tablet or laptop note-taking. This suggests students should be encouraged to pick the note-taking method that appeals most to them. In the future, traditional note-taking may be replaced or supplemented with digital technologies that provide similar efficacy with more convenience.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The Power of the Pen in the Digital Age: A Study on the Note-Taking Preferences of Medical School Students
Ahmet Öksüz, Özlem Coşkun
STED / Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi.2026; 35(2): 117. CrossRef
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Digital Note-Taking and Academic Performance of Nursing Students of University of Perpetual Help System- DALTA Calamba Campus
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Applied Cognitive Psychology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Exploring the impact of note taking methods on cognitive function among university students
Alham Al-Sharman, Reime Jamal Shalash, Taif A. M. Omran, Rofaida Mohamed Elsayed, Ilhan Abdi Warfa, Wala Siddig Elsayed Ali Adawi, Amna Obaid Aljaberi, Alia Abdulla Alabdooli, Ashokan Arumugam, Sivapriya Ramakrishnan, Nabil Saad, Amal Ahbouch, Wegdan Bani
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Typed Versus Handwritten Lecture Notes and College Student Achievement: A Meta-Analysis
Abraham E. Flanigan, Jordan Wheeler, Tiphaine Colliot, Junrong Lu, Kenneth A. Kiewra
Educational Psychology Review.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Efficacy of an asynchronous electronic curriculum in emergency medicine education in the United States: Alisa Wray, Kathryn Bennett, Megan Boysen-Osborn, Warren Wiechmann, Shannon Toohey; J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2017;14:29. Published online December 11, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2017.14.29

35,509 View
255 Download
13 Web of Science
10 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Purpose
The aim of this study was to measure the effect of an iPad-based asynchronous curriculum on emergency medicine resident performance on the in-training exam (ITE). We hypothesized that the implementation of an asynchronous curriculum (replacing 1 hour of weekly didactic time) would result in non-inferior ITE scores compared to the historical scores of residents who had participated in the traditional 5-hour weekly didactic curriculum.
Methods
The study was a retrospective, non-inferiority study. conducted at the University of California, Irvine Emergency Medicine Residency Program. We compared ITE scores from 2012 and 2013, when there were 5 weekly hours of didactic content, with scores from 2014 and 2015, when 1 hour of conference was replaced with asynchro-nous content. Examination results were compared using a non-inferiority data analysis with a 10% margin of difference.
Results
Using a non-inferiority test with a 95% confidence interval, there was no difference between the 2 groups (before and after implementation of asynchronous learning), as the confidence interval for the change of the ITE was −3.5 to 2.3 points, whereas the 10% non-inferiority margin was 7.8 points.
Conclusion
Replacing 1 hour of didactic conference with asynchronous learning showed no negative impact on resident ITE scores.

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Planning Engaging, Remote, Synchronous Didactics in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era
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Research Article

Flipping the advanced cardiac life support classroom with team-based learning: comparison of cognitive testing performance for medical students at the University of California, Irvine, United States: Megan Boysen-Osborn, Craig L. Anderson, Roman Navarro, Justin Yanuck, Suzanne Strom, Christopher E. McCoy, Julie Youm, Mary Frances Ypma-Wong, Mark I. Langdorf; J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2016;13:11. Published online February 18, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2016.13.11

48,960 View
346 Download
47 Web of Science
47 Crossref

Abstract PDF

Purpose
It aimed to find if written test results improved for advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) taught in flipped classroom/team-based Learning (FC/TBL) vs. lecture-based (LB) control in University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, USA. Methods: Medical students took 2010 ACLS with FC/TBL (2015), compared to 3 classes in LB (2012-14) format. There were 27.5 hours of instruction for FC/TBL model (TBL 10.5, podcasts 9, small-group simulation 8 hours), and 20 (12 lecture, simulation 8 hours) in LB. TBL covered 13 cardiac cases; LB had none. Seven simulation cases and didactic content were the same by lecture (2012-14) or podcast (2015) as was testing: 50 multiple-choice questions (MCQ), 20 rhythm matchings, and 7 fill-in clinical cases. Results: 354 students took the course (259 [73.1%] in LB in 2012-14, and 95 [26.9%] in FC/TBL in 2015). Two of 3 tests (MCQ and fill-in) improved for FC/TBL. Overall, median scores increased from 93.5% (IQR 90.6, 95.4) to 95.1% (92.8, 96.7, P=0.0001). For the fill-in test: 94.1% for LB (89.6, 97.2) to 96.6% for FC/TBL (92.4, 99.20 P=0.0001). For MC: 88% for LB (84, 92) to 90% for FC/TBL (86, 94, P=0.0002). For the rhythm test: median 100% for both formats. More students failed 1 of 3 tests with LB vs. FC/TBL (24.7% vs. 14.7%), and 2 or 3 components (8.1% vs. 3.2%, P=0.006). Conversely, 82.1% passed all 3 with FC/TBL vs. 67.2% with LB (difference 14.9%, 95% CI 4.8-24.0%). Conclusion: A FC/TBL format for ACLS marginally improved written test results.

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